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Sreeshan
Apr 17, 2025
In Aariv Ahaan
• Solid (Ice)
• Found in glaciers, snow, hail, and frost.
• Molecules are tightly packed and vibrate in fixed positions.
• Liquid (Water)
• The most common form we see is in rivers, lakes, oceans, and rain.
• Molecules move more freely than in solids.
• Gas (Water Vapour/Steam)
• Invisible form present in the air.
• Formed when water evaporates or boils.
• Molecules move very fast and are far apart.
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Sreeshan
Apr 10, 2025
In Aariv Ahaan
We feel pain because it’s our body’s warning system — kind of like an alarm. Pain tells us that something is wrong and needs attention.
Here’s a simple breakdown:
1. Detection: When something harmful happens (like touching something hot or getting hurt), special nerve endings called nociceptors detect it.
2. Signal to the brain: These nerves send signals through the spinal cord to the brain.
3. Processing: The brain processes the signals and says, “Ouch! This is pain!” — so you become aware that something is wrong.
4. Reaction: Because of that feeling, you move your hand away, rest the injured part, or seek help. Pain helps protect you and helps the body heal.
Why do we have to feel it, though?
If we didn’t feel pain, we could get seriously injured without realizing it. For example, some people with rare conditions that stop them from feeling pain often end up with broken bones, burns, or infections — because they don’t get the warning.
So even though pain feels bad, it’s actually a sign that your body is working to protect you.
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Sreeshan
Apr 09, 2025
In Sreeshan
Refraction is the bending of light when it passes from one medium to another, like from air to water or glass to air.
Why does it bend?
Because the speed of light changes when it enters a different medium.
• In air, light travels fastest.
• In denser materials like water or glass, it slows down.
• This change in speed causes the light to change direction — that's refraction.
• In a vacuum, light travels at about 300,000 km/s (kilometers per second) or 3 × 10⁸ m/s.
• But in other materials, it slows down:
• In water: ~225,000 km/s
• In glass: ~200,000 km/s
Formula:
n = c/v
• n = refractive index
• c = speed of light in vacuum (3 × 10⁸ m/s)
• v = speed of light in the medium
Higher n → Slower light → More bending.
Light is an electromagnetic wave. When it passes through a material, it interacts with the atoms, which temporarily absorb and re-emit the light. This delay causes the effective speed to decrease.
But — the light still travels at the same speed between atoms, just gets delayed due to interactions.
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Sreeshan
Apr 08, 2025
In Sreeshan
Chromatography is a laboratory technique used to separate mixtures into their individual components.
It works because different substances move at different speeds when dissolved in a fluid and passed through another material.
Chromatography = Separation Technique
Imagine you have a black ink dot. Though it looks black, it's actually a mixture of colors. Chromatography can separate those colors and show you what's inside.
Types:
1. Paper Chromatography:
• Uses special filter paper.
• A spot of ink/dye is placed on the paper.
• The bottom of the paper is dipped in a solvent (like water or alcohol).
• As the solvent moves up, it carries the dyes with it.
• Different dyes move at different speeds, so they separate.
2. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC):
• Similar to paper chromatography.
• Instead of paper, it uses a glass or plastic plate coated with a solid (like silica).
Uses:
• Identifying unknown substances
• Checking the purity of a sample
• Separating colors in inks or dyes
• Drug testing
• Forensics
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Sreeshan
Apr 08, 2025
In Aariv Ahaan
Blood is a vital fluid that carries oxygen and nutrients to all parts of the body, removes waste, helps fight infections, and is made up of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
• Plasma is the liquid state of blood.
• Platelets help to stop the blood from flowing out.
Functions of blood:
• Carries oxygen from lungs to body and carbon dioxide back to the lungs.
• Transports nutrients from the digestive system to cells.
• Removes waste from cells to organs like the kidneys.
• Protects the body from infections.
• Clot wounds to prevent too much blood loss.
• Maintains temperature and balance of fluids in the body.
There are 4 types of blood
• A
• B
• AB
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Sreeshan
Apr 07, 2025
In Sreeshan
Impulse is the effect of a force acting on an object for a short period of time. It tells us how much the momentum of the object has changed.
Impulse = Force × Time
Impulse is also equal to the change in momentum of an object.
J = Δp = m(v−u)
Where:
• m is mass of the object
• u is initial velocity
• v is final velocity
• Δp is change in momentum
Imagine you're playing football:
• When you kick the ball, your foot applies a force for a short time.
• This changes the ball's momentum — that’s impulse!
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Sreeshan
Apr 03, 2025
In Sreeshan
A resistor is a component used in a circuit to control the flow of electrons. A resistor gives resistance, which is measured in ohms.
Resistors can be made from various materials depending on the application, but common types include carbon composition, carbon film, metal film, metal oxide film, and wirewound resistors, using materials like carbon, metal alloys, or metal oxides.
There are two basic types of resistors: linear and non-linear.
Linear resistor-
A "linear resistor" is a type of resistor where the resistance value remains constant regardless of the applied voltage or current, meaning its current-voltage relationship is a straight line.
Non-linear resistor-
Non-linear resistors are components where resistance changes with factors like voltage, current, temperature, or light, unlike linear resistors that follow Ohm's Law. Examples include thermistors, varistors, and light-dependent resistors (LDRs).
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Sreeshan
Apr 01, 2025
In Sreeshan
To know what wifi is, we need to learn about waves.
All the parts of a wave
A wave is a disturbance in a medium that carries energy without a net movement of particles. Sound is an example of a wave.
There are two types of waves, Transverse and longitudinal.
Transverse wave-
A wave in which the medium vibrates at right angles to its propagation direction.
A ripple in water is an example; Light is also a transverse wave.
Longitudinal wave-
A wave vibrating in the direction of propagation.
Sound is a longitudinal wave. In a longitudinal wave, the Molecules, mostly air molecules, hit the molecules in front and create a compression and expansion state across the point from where it is created till the point it stops.
Reflection and refraction of waves-
Reflection-
Reflection is the bouncing back of light or sound when it hits a surface. When a light, for example, reflects, there are factors like Incident ray, reflected ray, angle of reflection, and angle of incident.
Refraction-
Refraction is the bending of a ray when it travels from one medium to another.
Optical fiber-
An optical fiber, or optical fiber, is a flexible glass or plastic fiber that can transmit light from one end to the other.
IN PROGRESS...
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Sreeshan
Mar 30, 2025
In Sreeshan
Latent heat is the energy absorbed or released by a substance during phase change without changing its temperature.
Types of Latent Heat:
1. Latent Heat of Fusion – The heat required to melt a solid into a liquid (or released when freezing).
2. Latent Heat of Vaporization – The heat required to boil a liquid into a gas (or released when condensing).
Why doesn't the temperature change:
When a substance undergoes a phase change, all the energy it absorbs (or releases) goes into breaking or forming molecular bonds, not into raising the temperature. That’s why ice at 0°C and water at 0°C have the same temperature but different energy levels.
Real-life applications:
• Sweating & Cooling:
• Your sweat absorbs heat from your body and evaporates, taking away latent heat and cooling you down.
• Boiling Water & Steam Burns:
• Steam at 100°C has more energy than boiling water at 100°C because it contains the latent heat of vaporization. That’s why steam burns are more severe than boiling water burns.
• Ice Packs in Medicine:
• When ice melts, it absorbs heat from the body, reducing swelling.
• Refrigerators & Air Conditioners:
• These work by compressing and expanding refrigerants, using latent heat to absorb heat from inside and release it outside.
• Weather & Hurricanes:
• When water evaporates from oceans, it stores latent heat in water vapor. When this vapor condenses into clouds, it releases heat, fueling hurricanes.
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Sreeshan
Mar 24, 2025
In Sreeshan
Torque is the twisting force that tends to cause rotation.
• Direction of Torque:
• If the force causes counterclockwise rotation, the torque is positive.
• If the force causes clockwise rotation, the torque is negative.
• Units of Torque:
• SI unit: Newton-meter (N·m)
• CGS unit: Dyne-centimeter (dyne·cm)
• Conditions for Equilibrium:
• For an object to be in rotational equilibrium, the net torque acting on it must be zero.
• This means that the sum of all clockwise torques must equal the sum of all counterclockwise torques.
Examples of Torque in Daily Life:
• Opening a door by pushing the handle
• Using a wrench to tighten a bolt
• A seesaw balancing on a pivot
• Turning the steering wheel
Buoyancy
Buoyancy is the upward force exerted by a fluid (liquid or gas) on an object placed in it. This force acts opposite to gravity and is responsible for objects floating or sinking in a fluid.
• Fb = Buoyant force (N)
• ρ = Density of the fluid (kg/m³)
• g = Acceleration due to gravity (9.8 m/s²)
• V = Volume of fluid displaced (m³)
Real-Life Applications of Buoyancy:
• Ships and Boats: Designed to displace enough water to stay afloat.
• Hot Air Balloons: Rise because the hot air inside is less dense than the surrounding air.
• Submarines: Adjust their density using ballast tanks to float or sink.
• Hydrometers: Measure liquid density based on how high they float.
Terminal Velocity
Terminal velocity is the maximum constant speed an object reaches when falling through a fluid (such as air or water). It occurs when the downward force of gravity is balanced by the upward force of air resistance (drag), meaning there is no net acceleration.
Forces Acting on a Falling Object:
1. Gravity (Weight, W)
• Acts downward, pulling the object toward the Earth.
• Given by W=mg, where mmm is mass and g is acceleration due to gravity (9.8 m/s²).
2. Air Resistance (Drag Force, Fd)
• Acts upward, opposing the motion.
• Increases with speed until it equals weight.
How Terminal Velocity is Reached:
1. When an object first starts falling, gravity dominates, and the object accelerates downward.
2. As speed increases, air resistance also increases.
3. Eventually, air resistance grows equal to the object's weight, and net force becomes zero.
4. At this point, the object stops accelerating and continues falling at a constant velocity—this is called terminal velocity.
• vt = Terminal velocity (m/s)
• m = Mass of the object (kg)
• g = Acceleration due to gravity (9.8 m/s²)
• ρ = Density of the fluid (kg/m³)
• A = Cross-sectional area of the object (m²)
• Cd = Drag coefficient (depends on shape and surface texture)
Factors Affecting Terminal Velocity:
1. Mass of the Object: Heavier objects generally have higher terminal velocity.
2. Shape and Surface Area: A larger surface area increases air resistance, reducing terminal velocity.
3. Density of the Fluid: Falling through air vs. water changes terminal velocity (it’s much lower in water).
4. Drag Coefficient: Streamlined objects (like skydivers in a head-first position) have lower drag and higher terminal velocity.
Examples:
• Skydiving: A skydiver in a belly-down position has a terminal velocity of ~55 m/s (200 km/h), but in a head-down position, it can increase to ~90 m/s (324 km/h).
• Raindrops: They fall at terminal velocity (~9 m/s) due to air resistance, preventing them from causing damage.
• Parachutes: Increase air resistance dramatically, reducing terminal velocity and allowing safe landings.
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Sreeshan
Mar 18, 2025
In Sreeshan
Polymers are large molecules made up of repeating smaller units called monomers. These monomers are chemically bonded to form long chains or networks.
Types:
• Natural PolymersFound in nature. Examples:
• Proteins (e.g., in skin and muscles)
• Carbohydrates (e.g., starch, cellulose)
• DNA (carries genetic information)
• Synthetic PolymersMan-made for various applications. Examples:
• Plastic (e.g., polyethylene, PVC)
• Rubber
• Nylon and Teflon
Linear Polymers: Long, straight chains (e.g., PVC).
Branched Polymers: Chains with side branches (e.g., low-density polyethylene).
Cross-linked Polymers: Chains linked by bonds at various points (e.g., Bakelite).
Properties:
Flexible or Rigid depending on structure.
Resistant to chemicals.
Used in packaging, textiles, electronics, and more.
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Sreeshan
Mar 18, 2025
In Sreeshan
Chromatography is a technique used to separate and identify different components in a mixture. It works by making the different substances move at different speeds through a stationary phase while being carried by a mobile phase.
• Stationary Phase: The fixed material that the mixture moves through (e.g., paper, silica gel).
• Mobile Phase: The solvent that carries the mixture through the stationary phase (e.g., water, ethanol).
• Separation Principle: Different components move at different speeds based on their size, solubility, or affinity to the phases.
Types:
• Paper Chromatography:
• Used for separating pigments, inks, or food dyes.
• A drop of the mixture is placed on filter paper, and the solvent carries the components upward.
• Different substances travel different distances.
• Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC):
• Similar to paper chromatography but uses a glass plate coated with a thin layer of silica or alumina.
• Provides faster and better separation.
• Gas Chromatography (GC):
• Used for volatile substances.
• A gas acts as the mobile phase, carrying the sample through a tube coated with the stationary phase.
• Liquid Chromatography (LC):
• Used for non-volatile substances.
• Often used in medical and drug testing.
Rf Value:
The Rf value helps identify the separated substances:
Rf = Distance moved by the solvent/Distance moved by the substance
• Rf values are always less than 1.
• Each substance has a unique Rf value in a given solvent.
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Sreeshan
Mar 13, 2025
In Sreeshan
Hooke's law states that the strain of the material is proportional to the applied stress within the elastic limit of that material.
F = -kx
F = force exerted by the spring. Unit: N
-k = Springs constant. unit: N/m
x = Displacement of the object. Unit: m
Spring constant is always negative because the force of the spring is always opposite to the direction of the movement of the object.
Elastic potential energy
(1/2)kx^2
Elastic Limit: If the force exceeds a certain limit, the material will not return to its original shape (plastic deformation occurs).
Applications: Used in springs, shock absorbers, measuring devices (spring scales), and engineering structures.
Limitations: Does not apply to materials beyond their elastic limit or in highly deformed states (like rubber or plastic).
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Sreeshan
Mar 12, 2025
In Sreeshan
The holographic principle suggests that the 3-dimensional reality we live in is a hologram projected by the 2-dimensional coding. It's like when a 2-D drawing seems like it's 3-D when drawn properly.
Theories such as relativity and string theory promote the understanding and the probability of the existence of the holographic principle. Another way of thinking about it, is how a 2-d drawing of a 3-d object contains all the information to recreate the 3-d object, such as the length, the height, or the width.
This concept was derived from stephan hawkings equation
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Sreeshan
Dec 05, 2024
In Sreeshan
Brownian motion is the random, erratic movement of microscopic particles suspended in a fluid (liquid or gas), caused by collisions with the molecules of the surrounding fluid. It is an important phenomenon in physics and chemistry.
1. Observation:
• Discovered by Robert Brown in 1827 while observing pollen grains in water.
• Under a microscope, he noticed that the pollen grains moved randomly, even in the absence of external forces like currents or shaking.
2. Cause:
• The fluid's molecules are in continuous motion due to their thermal energy.
• These molecules collide with the suspended particles, transferring momentum in random directions.
• Because the collisions are not uniform or balanced, the suspended particle is "pushed" erratically, leading to zigzag or unpredictable movement.
3. Key Factors Influencing Brownian Motion:
• Temperature: Higher temperature increases the motion, as fluid molecules move faster with greater energy.
• Particle Size: Smaller particles exhibit more noticeable Brownian motion because they are easier to move by collisions.
• Viscosity of Fluid: Higher viscosity reduces the intensity of motion by dampening collisions.
• Density of the Fluid: More dense fluids cause more frequent collisions, affecting motion.
• Molecules in a fluid are in continuous motion due to thermal energy.
• These molecules collide with the suspended particles, transferring momentum and causing the particles to move in a zigzag pattern.
• The motion is more noticeable in smaller particles because larger particles require more energy to move.
Visualizing Brownian Motion:
Imagine dust particles floating in sunlight. The erratic motion you observe is similar to Brownian motion but occurs on a microscopic scale. Each tiny particle is constantly "hit" by air molecules, causing the random motion.
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Sreeshan
Dec 05, 2024
In Sreeshan
#sreeshanphysics
Pg:- 140,141,142,143
Ch:- 8
Work is the measure of energy transfer when a force is applied to an object, causing it to move in the direction of the force.
Formula for Work:
W = F ⋅ d
Where:
• W = Work (measured in joules, J)
• F = Force applied (in newtons, N)
• d = Displacement of the object (in meters, m)
Key Points:
1. Work is only done if the object moves due to the force.
2. If the displacement is zero, no work is done, even if a force is applied.
3. The force must have a component in the direction of displacement.
Power is the rate at which work is done or energy is transferred over time. It shows how quickly work is performed.
Formula for Power:
P = W/t
Where:
• P = Power (measured in watts, W)
• W = Work done (in joules, J)
• t = Time taken (in seconds, s)
Key Points:
1. Power tells how fast energy or work is used or produced.
2. The SI unit of power is the watt (W), where 1 W=1 J/s
Example:
• If a machine does 100 joules of work in 5 seconds, the power is: P=100/5 = 20 W
Related Concept:
1. Kilowatt (kW): 1 kilowatt = 1000 watts.
2. Horsepower (hp): Another unit of power, 1 hp ≈ 746 watts.
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Sreeshan
Dec 03, 2024
In Sreeshan
#sreeshanphysics
Nuclear fuels are materials used in nuclear reactors to sustain a nuclear chain reaction. The primary fuel used is uranium, though other elements like plutonium and thorium can also be used. These fuels undergo nuclear fission, where the nuclei of atoms split, releasing a large amount of energy.
1. Common Nuclear Fuels
1. Uranium-235 (U-235):
• Most commonly used nuclear fuel.
• Found naturally in small amounts (~0.7% of natural uranium).
• Enriched to increase its U-235 content for use in reactors.
2. Plutonium-239 (Pu-239):
• Produced artificially in reactors from uranium-238.
• Used in certain types of reactors, such as fast breeder reactors.
3. Thorium-232 (Th-232):
• Abundant in nature.
• Converts to fissile uranium-233 in reactors, which can then sustain a chain reaction.
2. Process of Energy Production
1. Nuclear Fission:
• In a reactor, a neutron strikes a nucleus of the fuel (e.g., U-235), splitting it into smaller nuclei.
• This releases a large amount of energy as heat, along with more neutrons.
• These neutrons trigger further fission reactions, creating a chain reaction.
2. Heat Utilization:
• The heat from fission is used to produce steam.
• Steam drives turbines connected to generators, producing electricity.
3. Advantages
• High energy density (a small amount of fuel produces a large amount of energy).
• No greenhouse gas emissions during operation.
• Reliable, continuous energy production.
4. Disadvantages
• Produces radioactive waste, which requires safe, long-term storage.
• Risk of nuclear accidents (e.g., Chornobyl, Fukushima).
• Limited availability of fissile materials.
• High initial cost for reactor construction and fuel enrichment.
5. Applications
• Primarily used for electricity generation in nuclear power plants.
• Fuels advanced reactors for research, medical isotope production, and naval propulsion (e.g., submarines, aircraft carriers).
Nuclear fuels offer a powerful energy source but require careful management due to the risks of radiation and waste disposal.
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Sreeshan
Dec 03, 2024
In Sreeshan
#sreeshanphysics
Ch:- 7
Fossil fuels are natural energy sources formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals that were buried and subjected to heat and pressure over millions of years. They are non-renewable resources and are primarily used for energy generation. The three main types are coal, oil, and natural gas.
1. Formation
• Fossil fuels form over millions of years under layers of sediment.
• Organic material, such as dead plants and marine organisms, decomposes and becomes buried.
• Heat, pressure, and time transform this material into coal, oil, or natural gas, depending on the conditions.
2. Types of Fossil Fuels
1. Coal:
• Formed from plant remains.
• Found in sedimentary rock layers.
• Used primarily for electricity generation and steel production.
2. Oil (Petroleum):
• Derived from marine organisms.
• Found in underground reservoirs or oil sands.
• Used for fuels like gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel, and as a base for plastics.
3. Natural Gas:
• Mainly composed of methane.
• Found in pockets within the earth or alongside oil reservoirs.
• Used for heating, electricity, and as a cleaner-burning alternative to coal and oil.
3. Energy Production
• Fossil fuels are burned to release energy in the form of heat.
• This heat is used to produce steam, which drives turbines connected to generators to create electricity.
• In engines, fossil fuels release energy through combustion to power vehicles or machinery.
4. Advantages
• High energy density (provides a lot of energy per unit).
• Reliable and widely available.
• Well-established infrastructure for extraction, transport, and use.
5. Disadvantages
• Non-renewable (finite supply).
• Major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, causing global warming.
• Air pollution (e.g., sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides contribute to acid rain).
• Environmental damage during extraction (e.g., oil spills, mining).
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Sreeshan
Dec 03, 2024
In Sreeshan
#sreeshanphysics #renewableandnonrenewableenergy #energy
Pg:- 127,128,129
Ch:- 7
Wave power is a renewable energy source that captures energy from the motion of ocean waves to generate electricity.
1. Source of Energy: Ocean waves are created by the wind blowing over the surface of water, transferring kinetic energy into the waves.
2. Mechanism: Wave energy converters (WECs) are devices that capture the energy in waves. Common types include:
• Point Absorbers: Devices that move with the waves, using this motion to drive a generator.
• Oscillating Water Columns: Structures that trap air above a chamber; wave motion forces air through a turbine to generate electricity.
• Overtopping Devices: Structures that capture water from waves and release it through turbines.
3. Advantages:
• Clean and renewable.
• High energy density compared to wind or solar.
• Predictable, as wave patterns follow consistent ocean behavior.
4. Challenges:
• High installation and maintenance costs.
• Environmental impact on marine life.
• Requires specific coastal conditions.
Hydroelectric Power is a renewable energy source that generates electricity by using the gravitational force of falling or flowing water.
1. Principle of Operation
Hydroelectric power is based on potential energy stored in water at a height. When water flows downward, its potential energy is converted into kinetic energy, which is then used to produce electricity.
2. Components of a Hydroelectric Power Plant
1. Dam: Stores water in a reservoir and creates a height difference (head) for potential energy.
2. Reservoir: Holds the water that will be released to generate power.
3. Intake Gate: Controls the flow of water to the turbines.
4. Penstock: A large pipe through which water flows to the turbines under pressure.
5. Turbine: Converts the kinetic energy of flowing water into mechanical energy.
6. Generator: Connected to the turbine, converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
7. Transformer: Converts the generated electricity into a higher voltage for transmission.
8. Tailrace: Returns water to the river after it has passed through the turbines.
3. Process of Electricity Generation
1. Water is stored in a reservoir behind a dam.
2. The intake gate opens, and water flows through the penstock.
3. The force of flowing water rotates the turbine blades.
4. The turbine drives the generator, which produces electricity through electromagnetic induction.
5. Electricity is transmitted via transformers and power lines.
4. Types of Hydroelectric Plants
1. Impoundment: A dam is used to store water and release it as needed.
2. Run-of-River: Relies on the natural flow of the river without large reservoirs.
3. Pumped Storage: Pumps water to a higher reservoir during low electricity demand and releases it to generate power during high demand.
5. Advantages
• Renewable and sustainable.
• Produces no direct emissions.
• High efficiency (up to 90%).
• Provides energy storage in pumped storage systems.
• Can provide flood control and irrigation.
6. Disadvantages
• The high initial cost for construction.
• Potential environmental impacts (e.g., habitat loss, altered water ecosystems).
• Displacement of communities during dam construction.
• Reliance on water availability, which can be affected by droughts.
Hydroelectric power is widely used globally and plays a critical role in providing clean and reliable energy.
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Sreeshan
Dec 01, 2024
In Sreeshan
#sreeshanbiology #textbook #igcse
Ch:- 7
Pg:- 107,108,109,110,111,112,113
1. Diet
Diet refers to the food and drink consumed by an individual regularly. It provides the energy and nutrients required for the body to function properly.
2. Need for Food
• Energy: Food provides energy for physical activities and metabolic processes.
• Growth and Repair: Nutrients help in building new tissues and repairing damaged ones.
• Body Functions: Food supports processes like digestion, respiration, and maintaining immunity.
• Survival: Food is essential to sustain life.
3. Balanced Diet
A balanced diet contains all the nutrients in appropriate amounts to meet the body's requirements. It includes:
• Macronutrients: Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats for energy and growth.
• Micronutrients: Vitamins and minerals for proper body functions.
• Fiber: For healthy digestion.
• Water: For hydration and metabolic processes.
Importance of a Balanced Diet:
• Prevents deficiencies and diseases.
• Supports growth and development.
• Enhances physical and mental well-being.
Classes of food:
1. Carbohydrates
• Function: Provide energy.
• Sources: Rice, bread, potatoes, fruits, and sugar.
2. Proteins
• Function: Build and repair tissues; essential for growth.
• Sources: Meat, fish, eggs, beans, and dairy products.
3. Fats
• Function: Provide concentrated energy and help in absorption of fat-soluble vitamins.
• Sources: Butter, oils, nuts, and fatty fish.
4. Vitamins
• Function: Regulate body processes and prevent diseases.
• Examples:
• Vitamin A (for vision),
• Vitamin C (immunity),
• Vitamin D (bone health).
• Sources: Fruits, vegetables, eggs, and sunlight (Vitamin D).
5. Minerals
• Function: Build strong bones, teeth, and support vital functions.
• Examples:
• Calcium (bones),
• Iron (blood),
• Potassium (muscle function).
• Sources: Milk, leafy vegetables, meat, and nuts.
6. Fiber
• Function: Aids digestion and prevents constipation.
• Sources: Whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and legumes.
7. Water
• Function: Maintains hydration, aids digestion, and regulates temperature.
• Sources: Water, fruits, and vegetables.
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