Electromagnetism in Action: A speaker's core is a component called a driver. This driver uses electromagnetism to create vibrations. It has a coil of wire (voice coil) wrapped around a cylinder and placed within the magnetic field of a permanent magnet.

Electrical Signal, Magnetic Push, and Pull: When an electrical signal from your audio device reaches the speaker, it travels through the voice coil. This creates a magnetic field around the coil, interacting with the permanent magnet's field.

The Dance of Attraction and Repulsion: Depending on the electrical signal, the magnetic fields between the voice coil and the permanent magnet will attract or repel each other. This makes the voice coil constantly move back and forth rapidly.

Cone on the Move: The voice coil is attached to a cone, typically made of paper or plastic. As the coil moves back and forth, the cone vibrates along with it. This vibration disrupts the air particles around the speaker.

From Vibration to Sound Waves: The cone's movement pushes and pulls air molecules, creating compressions and rarefactions – the characteristics of a sound wave. The pattern of these pressure variations replicates the electrical signal from the audio source, carrying the sound information.

Frequency Makes the Pitch: The frequency of the electrical signal determines how fast the voice coil vibrates and the cone moves. High frequencies (corresponding to high-pitched sounds) make the cone vibrate rapidly, while low frequencies (bass sounds) move the cone back and forth slowly.

Size Matters for Sound Depth: Speakers often have multiple drivers of different sizes. Larger drivers, like woofers, can move more air and produce stronger low-frequency sounds (bass). Smaller drivers, like tweeters, are better suited for reproducing high frequencies.