In addition to indicating the number of atoms of each elementa molecule, a structural formula indicates how the atoms are organized, and shows (or implies) the chemical bonds between the atoms.

General Reaction Equation:

Reactants

→

Products

Reactants→Products

Balancing Reactions:

Ensure the number of atoms of each element is the same on both sides of the equation.

Stoichiometry

Mole Calculation:

𝑛

=

𝑚

𝑀

n=

M

m

​

(where

𝑛

n is the number of moles,

𝑚

m is mass, and

𝑀

M is molar mass)

Avogadro's Law:

𝑉

∝

𝑛

V∝n

(at constant temperature and pressure, the volume of a gas is directly proportional to the number of moles)

Gas Laws

Ideal Gas Law:

𝑃

𝑉

=

𝑛

𝑅

𝑇

PV=nRT

(where

𝑃

P is pressure,

𝑉

V is volume,

𝑛

n is moles,

𝑅

R is the gas constant, and

𝑇

T is temperature in Kelvin)

Boyle's Law:

𝑃

1

𝑉

1

=

𝑃

2

𝑉

2

P

1

​

V

1

​

=P

2

​

V

2

​

(at constant temperature, pressure and volume of a gas are inversely related)

Charles's Law:

𝑉

1

𝑇

1

=

𝑉

2

𝑇

2

T

1

​

V

1

​

​

=

T

2

​

V

2

​

​

(at constant pressure, volume is directly proportional to temperature)

Solutions and Concentrations

Molarity (M):

𝑀

=

𝑛

𝑉

M=

V

n

​

(where

𝑛

n is the number of moles of solute and

𝑉

V is the volume of solution in liters)

Dilution Formula:

𝐶

1

𝑉

1

=

𝐶

2

𝑉

2

C

1

​

V

1

​

=C

2

​

V

2

​

(where

𝐶

C is concentration and

𝑉

V is volume)

Thermodynamics

Enthalpy Change:

Δ

𝐻

=

𝐻

products

−

𝐻

reactants

ΔH=H

products

​

−H

reactants

​

Gibbs Free Energy:

Δ

𝐺

=

Δ

𝐻

−

𝑇

Δ

𝑆

ΔG=ΔH−TΔS

(where

Δ

𝐺

ΔG is the change in Gibbs free energy,

Δ

𝐻

ΔH is the change in enthalpy,

𝑇

T is temperature, and

Δ

𝑆

ΔS is the change in entropy)

Acid-Base Chemistry

pH Calculation:

pH

=

−

log

⁡

[

𝐻

+

]

pH=−log[H

+

]

pOH Calculation:

pOH

=

−

log

⁡

[

𝑂

𝐻

−

]

pOH=−log[OH

−

]

Relationship Between pH and pOH:

pH

+

pOH

=

14

pH+pOH=14 (at 25°C)

If you need more specific formulas or explanations, let me know!

You said:

like O2 and ther tufs

ChatGPT said:

ChatGPT

It sounds like you’re asking about chemical formulas for compounds and elements, including their structural representations. Here are some key examples:

Common Chemical Formulas

Oxygen:

Molecular Formula:

𝑂

2

O

2

​

(Dioxygen, a diatomic molecule)

Water:

Molecular Formula:

𝐻

2

𝑂

H

2

​

O

Carbon Dioxide:

Molecular Formula:

𝐶

𝑂

2

CO

2

​

Glucose:

Molecular Formula:

𝐶

6

𝐻

12

𝑂

6

C

6

​

H

12

​

O

6

​

Sodium Chloride:

Molecular Formula:

𝑁

𝑎

𝐶

𝑙

NaCl

Ammonia:

Molecular Formula:

𝑁

𝐻

3

NH

3

​

Methane:

Molecular Formula:

𝐶

𝐻

4

CH

4

​

Sulfuric Acid:

Molecular Formula:

𝐻

2

𝑆

𝑂

4

H

2

​

SO

4

​

Some Functional Groups

Hydroxyl Group:

Structure:

−

𝑂

𝐻

−OH

Carboxyl Group:

Structure:

−

𝐶

𝑂

𝑂

𝐻

−COOH

Amino Group:

Structure:

−

𝑁

𝐻

2

−NH

2

​