To reduce the concentration of larger particles in the water by letting them settle out, improving the overall water quality.

Filtration removes impurities from water by passing it through a porous filter medium that traps solid particles while allowing water to pass through.

There are several types of filters used in water treatment, including:

• Reverse osmosis (RO): A semipermeable membrane is used to remove dissolved solids, such as salts, minerals, and heavy metals, from water. RO is often combined with other filters to further purify water. 

• Activated carbon: Also known as absorption filters, these filters contain charcoal granules that trap water pollutants. Activated carbon filters can also reduce the taste and odor of water. 

• Ultraviolet (UV) sterilization: UV light is used to destroy bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms. 

• Sediment filtration: A mechanical filter that removes sediment from water. 

• Slow sand filters: These filters are often used in developing countries because they require little energy and have low operating expenses. 

• Screen filters: A simple type of water filter. 

Water disinfection is the process of eliminating pathogens like bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms from water to ensure its safety for consumption.

Water disinfection methods that can be applied in the field include use of heat, clarification, filtration, chemical disinfection, and ultraviolet radiation (UVR).