Cancer, It's striking how from just a genetic disease that was accountable for about 2.35% of death in 1954 (First year Cancer was recognised), to a very complex disease almost accountable for 16.8% of death in 2024. It has let it's leash into the attention of the researches : A 2023 analysis by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) found 7747 clinical trials focused on cancer. Furthermore, The Lancet reported 66,388 awards for cancer research between 2016 and 2020, totaling $24.5 billion.

The intricate complexity of cancer becomes evident upon microscopic examination of solid tumors, revealing that the tumor microenvironment (TME) is a highly structured ecosystem containing cancer cells surrounded by diverse non-malignant cell types, collectively embedded in an altered, vascularized extracellular matrix (Figure 1). The TME includes a rich diversity of immune cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), endothelial cells (ECs), pericytes, and other cell types that vary by tissue—such as adipocytes and neurons.