Eco-This was taken from economics past papers, page no-???, #ECO
What is budget:
A budget is a financial plan that outlines expected income and expenditures over a specific period, helping individuals, businesses, and governments allocate resources, control spending, and achieve financial goals. Budgets are essential for effective financial management, allowing for planning, tracking, and adjusting as needed.
The different types of budget:
Operating Budget: Covers the day-to-day expenses and revenues of an organization. It includes costs like salaries, utilities, and rent, and helps manage routine financial operations.
Capital Budget: Focuses on long-term investments or capital expenditures, such as purchasing new equipment, infrastructure, or facilities. This budget helps organizations evaluate the viability of large projects.
Cash Flow Budget: Projects cash inflows and outflows over a specific period to ensure enough liquidity for operations. It’s essential for managing cash shortages and ensuring timely payments.
Master Budget: A comprehensive budget that consolidates all individual budgets within an organization, such as operating, capital, and cash flow budgets. It provides an overall financial picture and helps align various departments with organizational goals.
Static Budget: A fixed budget set for a particular period, regardless of changes in activity level or sales volume. It’s useful for organizations with stable, predictable operations but may be less flexible in dynamic environments.
Flexible Budget: Adjusts according to changes in business activity or sales volume. This type of budget is more adaptable and suitable for organizations with variable costs or fluctuating production levels.
Zero-Based Budget: Requires all expenses to be justified from scratch each period, starting from a "zero base." It helps reduce unnecessary costs by scrutinizing every expense, making it suitable for cost-cutting efforts.
Surplus or Deficit Budget: Used in government or public finance, where a surplus budget has more revenue than expenditure, and a deficit budget has higher expenditure than revenue. These budgets reflect fiscal policy and economic conditions.
Personal or Household Budget: A budget created by individuals or households to manage personal finances, covering income and essential expenses like housing, food, and transportation.
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