EMS- Human population, page no 178

What are rural and urban areas:

• Urban areas: Urban areas usually refer to cities, suburbs and towns. Urban areas have more development in terms of access to infrastructure and connectivity like airports, ports, railways, housing, roads etc.

• Rural areas: Rural areas usually refer to villages. Rural areas usually don't have much development in terms of infrastructure.

What is push and pull factors:

Push and pull factors in migration according to Everett S. Lee (1917-2007) are categories that demographers use to analyse human migration from former areas to new host locations. Lee's model divides factors causing migrations into two groups of factors: push and pull. Push factors are things that are unfavourable about the home area that one lives in, and pull factors are things that attract one to another host area.

Push from rural to urban:

• Drought/famine.

• Poverty.

• poor links with outside world.

• Poor links with outside world.

• Poor services.

• Work on the land only, subsistence.

• Desertification.

• Sea-level rise.

• Seasonal weather events such as monsoon, cyclones, etc.

Pull from rural to urban:

• Good supplies of foods whatever the weather.

• Well-paid jobs.

• Good rods.

• Hospitals, school, water, electricity.

• Factory, shop, office work for a wage.

• No comparable pull factors.

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