Oscillation & Frequency in a Wave
Oscillation is the repeated motion of a wave or object, like a pendulum swinging back and forth, in waves . Frequency is how many oscillations happen in one second, measured in Hertz (Hz). Higher frequency = more waves per second!
Transverse vs. Longitudinal Waves
Transverse Waves – The vibration is perpendicular to the wave direction (e.g., light waves, water waves).
Longitudinal Waves – The vibration is parallel to the wave direction (e.g., sound waves, seismic waves).
Optical Fibre – How It Works!
Optical fibres are thin glass or plastic strands that transmit light signals using total internal reflection. They are used in internet cables, medical imaging, and communication because they send data fast and without signal loss!
Refractive index
The refractive index (n) tells us how much light bends when entering a new material. Higher n means light slows down more and bends more (e.g., light bends when entering water from air).
Circuit Breakers & Fuses – Electrical Safety!
Fuse – A thin wire that melts if too much current flows, breaking the circuit and preventing fires.
Circuit Breaker – A switch that automatically turns off when the current is too high, then can be reset.
How Magnets Lose Their Magnetism!
Heat – High temperatures disturb the magnetic domains.
Hammering – Shaking the structure misaligns the domains.
Strong Opposite Magnetic Field – Cancels out the original magnetism.