Movement: an action by an organism or part of an organism causing a change of position or place

• Respiration: the chemical reactions that break down nutrient molecules in living cells to release energy for metabolism

• Sensitivity: the ability to detect or sense stimuli in the internal or external environment and to make appropriate responses

• Growth: a permanent increase in size and dry mass by an increase in cell number or cell size or both

• Reproduction: the processes that make more of the same kind of organism

• Excretion: the removal from organisms of toxic materials, the waste products of metabolism (chemical reactions in cells including respiration) and substances in excess of requirements

• Nutrition: the taking in of materials for energy, growth and development; plants require light, carbon dioxide, water and ions; animals need organic compounds, ions and usually need water

Classification Systems

There are millions of species of organisms on Earth

• A species is defined as a group of organisms that can reproduce to produce fertile offspring

• These species can be classified into groups by the features that they share e.g. all mammals have bodies covered in hair, feed young from mammary glands and have external ears (pinnas)

The Binomial System

Organisms were first classified by a Swedish naturalist called Linnaeus in a way that allows the subdivision of living organisms into smaller and more specialised groups

• The species in these groups have more and more features in common the more subdivided they get

• He named organisms in Latin using the binomial system where the scientific name of an organism is made up of two parts starting with the genus (always given a capital letter) and followed by the species (starting with a lower case letter)

• When typed binomial names are always in italics (which indicates they are Latin) e.g. Homo sapiens

• The sequence of classification is: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Dichotomous key

Keys are used to identify organisms based on a series of questions about their features

• Dichotomous means ‘branching into two’ and it leads the user through to the name of the organism by giving two descriptions at a time and asking them to choose

• Each choice leads the user onto another two descriptions

• In order to successfully navigate a key:

  1. You need to pick a single organism to start with, or you may be presented with an unfamiliar one as part of an exam questions

  2. Follow the statements from the beginning. Each statement or question you should be able to answer using the information provided in the question or an image given as part of the question.

  3. Eventually there will be no more statements or questions left and you will have the name of the organism

  4. You then pick another organism and start at the beginning of the key again, repeating until all organisms are named