#chemistry #textbook

Pg:- 15,16,17

Ch:- 1

Solute:

• The solute is the substance that is dissolved in a solvent. It is usually present in a smaller quantity compared to the solvent.

• Solutes can exist in solid, liquid, or gas form before dissolving.

• Examples:

  • In a saltwater solution, salt (NaCl) is the solute.

  • In sugar water, sugar is the solute.

Solvent:

• The solvent is the substance in which the solute dissolves. It is usually present in a larger quantity than the solute.

• The solvent determines the phase of the solution. For example, if the solvent is liquid, the solution will be liquid, even if the solute is solid.

• Examples:

  • In a saltwater solution, water is the solvent.

  • In an alcohol solution (such as vodka), ethanol is the solvent.

Solution:

• A solution is a homogeneous mixture formed when a solute dissolves in a solvent. The solute and solvent particles are evenly distributed, and no distinct separation is visible.

• The properties of a solution depend on both the solute and the solvent, and solutions can exist in different states (solid, liquid, gas).

  • Liquid Solution: Salt in water, sugar in water.

  • Solid Solution: Alloys like brass (copper dissolved in zinc).

  • Gas Solution: Air (a mixture of gases like nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, etc.).

Characteristics of solution:

• Homogeneous: The composition is uniform throughout the solution.

• Particle Size: Particles of solute in a solution are typically at the molecular or ionic level (less than 1 nanometer).

• Stability: Solutions do not separate over time, meaning the solute remains dissolved and does not settle out.

Types of solutions:

• Dilute Solution: Contains a relatively small amount of solute compared to solvent.

• Concentrated Solution: Contains a large amount of solute relative to the solvent.

• Saturated Solution: Contains the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in the solvent at a specific temperature and pressure.

• Unsaturated Solution: Can still dissolve more solute at the given conditions.

• Supersaturated Solution: Contains more solute than would normally dissolve at a certain temperature, usually achieved by heating.