#textbook #chemsitry #statesofmatter

For the weekly test, I am doing chemistry this week and I am going to start from the beginning so that I can make sure I understand everything.

Pg:- 3,4,5

Ch:- 1

 Phase transitions:

Phase transition is when a Physical state of matter changes into another due to additional or removal of energy, which leads to the rearranging of molecules, and change in movement of particles.

One of the phase transitions is melting:

Melting is when a Solid absorbs heat, meaning it absorbs more energy making it vibrate more vigorously. As the temperature reaches the melting point, the particles have enough energy to overcome the forces holding them in a fixed position, allowing them to move more freely.

Example: Ice melting into water.

Another one of the phase transition is Freezing:

Freezing is the reverse of melting. When a liquid loses heat, its particles slow down and lose energy. As the temperature drops to the freezing point, the particles become sufficiently attracted to one another to form a fixed, orderly structure, turning the liquid into a solid.

Example: Water freezing into ice.

Then comes Vaporising:

Vaporization occurs when a liquid absorbs enough heat for its particles to gain sufficient energy to overcome intermolecular forces and escape into the gas phase. Vaporization can occur in two ways:

• Boiling: This happens when the liquid's temperature reaches its boiling point, and vaporization occurs throughout the liquid.

• Evaporation: Occurs at the surface of the liquid at temperatures below the boiling point.

Example: Boiling water turning into steam.

Condensation:

Condensation is the reverse of vaporization. When a gas loses heat, its particles lose energy and slow down. As they lose kinetic energy, the particles move closer together, forming bonds and transitioning into a liquid state.

Example: Water vapor condensing into dew(Moisture).

Sublimation:

Sublimation occurs when a solid gains enough energy to bypass the liquid state and transition directly into a gas. This process requires a significant input of energy to overcome the strong intermolecular forces in the solid.

Example: Dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) sublimating into carbon dioxide gas.

Deposition:

Deposition is the reverse of sublimation, where a gas loses enough energy to transition directly into a solid without passing through the liquid phase. This occurs when gas particles come into close contact and form a solid.

Example: Frost forming on a cold surface.

Ionization:

Ionization occurs when a gas is heated to extremely high temperatures or subjected to a strong electric field, causing its atoms to lose electrons and form a plasma—a state of matter consisting of free electrons and ions.

Example: The formation of a plasma in stars or neon lights.

Recombination:

Recombination, or deionization, occurs when a plasma loses energy, causing ions and electrons to recombine into neutral atoms, transitioning the state back to a gas.

Example: Plasma cooling down to form a neutral gas.

These can all be classified into two kinds of changes:

• Endothermic Changes: Melting, vaporization, sublimation, and ionization absorb heat, causing particles to move faster and break free from their current state.

• Exothermic Changes: Freezing, condensation, deposition, and recombination release heat, causing particles to slow down and come together.

*The best video, it is only 30 seconds yet it explain everything i just said:*