An apex predator is an animal at the top of the food chain with no natural predators, like lions, sharks, and eagles.

Energy flows in a food web from producers (plants) to various levels of consumers (herbivores, carnivores) and finally to decomposers, with energy decreasing at each level.

As energy moves up the food chain, it decreases, with only about 10% passed to the next level, while the rest is lost as heat.

A decomposer is an organism, like bacteria or fungi, that breaks down dead plants and animals, recycling nutrients back into the ecosystem, which supports the entire food web.

Disruptions in a food web can throw off the balance of an ecosystem, leading to overpopulation of some species, decline of others, and overall instability.

Trophic levels are the different stages in a food chain, from producers to top predators.

Human activities have disrupted food chains and ecosystems globally through pollution, deforestation, overfishing, and climate change, leading to habitat loss, species extinction, and imbalances in natural systems.

Climate change is altering food chains and ecosystems by shifting habitats, causing species migrations, and disrupting reproduction cycles. The potential consequences include species extinction, reduced biodiversity, and the collapse of ecosystems, affecting food security and human livelihoods.

Humans are primary, secondary, and tertiary consumers. We eat plants (primary consumers) and animals (secondary and tertiary consumers), placing us at various levels of the food chain.